Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

JUNE 21, 2023

Below is the version standardized by PM Cardio app Meyers interpretation: Findings are specific for posterior (and also likely inferior) wall transmural acute infarction, most likely due to acute coronary occlusion (OMI). Most OMI have a peak Troponin T over 1000 ng/L [reference: Baro R et al. Clinical Cardiology 2019.

STEMI 98

STEMI Coronary Defibrillator EMS 98

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

JULY 7, 2024

First trop was 7,000ng/L (normal 25% of ‘Non-STEMI’ patients with delayed angiography have the exact same pathology of acute coronary occlusion. The new ACC expert consensus explains that: “STEMI ECG criteria on a standard 12-lead ECG alone will miss a significant minority of patients who have acute coronary occlusion. Take home 1.

STEMI 66

STEMI Coronary ALS OR 66

EMS 12-Lead

AUGUST 22, 2022

The coronary angiogram revealed no critical stenosis, or acute plaque ulceration. Takotsubo should be a diagnosis of exclusion after angiography reveals no obstructive coronary disease, and repeat Echo displays left ventricular recovery. Furthermore, pertinent electrolyte values (e.g. potassium) were within normal parameter.

E-9-1-1 130

E-9-1-1 Coronary ALS ICU 130

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

JULY 21, 2024

It shows a proximal LAD occlusion, in conjunction with a subtotally occluded LMCA ( Left Main Coronary Artery ). Upon contrast injection of the LMCA, the patient deteriorated, as the LMCA was severely diseased and flow to all coronary arteries ( LAD, LCx and RCA ) was compromised. He was taken immediately to the cath lab.

Defibrillator 118

Defibrillator Coronary ALS STEMI 118

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

JUNE 14, 2024

He underwent coronary angiography which showed severe multivessel disease, and he agreed to proceed with workup for CABG. The September 27, 2019 post — for the Rowlands & Moore article with the above-noted formulas for recognizing the “culprit” extremity. The September 22, 2019 post — intermittent ST-T wave artifact.

Defibrillator 79

Defibrillator ALS Coronary OR 79

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

JUNE 27, 2024

The proof of this is that only 5% of patients enrolled had acute coronary occlusion. Lemkes JS, Janssens GN, van der Hoeven NW, et al. Coronary Angiography after Cardiac Arrest without ST-Segment Elevation. We at Hennepin recently published this study Sharma et al. This study failed to do so. 5% vs. 58%!! 5% vs. 58%!!

Defibrillator 95

Defibrillator STEMI Coronary ALS 95

EMS 12-Lead

APRIL 14, 2022

It should be emphasized here that this is a presentation of high-pretest probability for Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS). link] [1] Zachary et al. Utility of the history and physical examination in the detection of Acute Coronary Syndromes in emergency department patients. Western Journal of Emergency Medicine, 18 (4), 752-760. [2]

ACS 130

ACS Paramedic Coronary ALS 130

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

NOVEMBER 4, 2022

Hgb 11g/dL (110g/L) and leukocytosis, and a mildly elevated troponin (36 ng/L, with normal 1mm STE in aVR due to ACS will require coronary artery bypass surgery for revascularization, the infarct artery is often not the LM, but rather the LAD or severe 3-vessel disease. Harhash AA, Huang JJ, Reddy S, et al. Knotts et al.

ACS 52

ACS Coronary STEMI ALS 52

EMS 12-Lead

APRIL 8, 2022

Cardiology admitted him for observation with plans for next-day coronary angiogram. Unfortunately, due to the patient’s abrupt exodus from the PCI center – without benefit of coronary angiogram, or echo, for example – the disposition will forever remain unknown. [1] 1] Driver, B. Emergency Medicine Journal, 1-5. [2] 3] Niu, T.,

STEMI 130

STEMI ALS Coronary CAD 130

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

APRIL 25, 2023

But the stuttering pain and sudden onset suggest acute coronary occlusion (Occlusion MI, or OMI). Cath lab activation by the ED and I agree with coronary angiography emergently." Result: no angiographically significant obstructive coronary artery disease. Smith and Meyers to diagnose both obvious (STEMI) and subtle OMI.

Coronary 52

Coronary STEMI ALS OR 52

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

OCTOBER 24, 2019

The biphasic T wave is consistent with recent reperfusion of an occluded coronary artery supplying the inferior region. Here’s the angiogram of the RCA : No thrombus or plaque rupture in the RCA (or any coronary artery) was found. This MI wasn’t caused by a ruptured plaque of CAD - it was a coronary artery dissection of the RCA.

Coronary 52

Coronary CAD ACS STEMI 52

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

NOVEMBER 30, 2022

Hospital Course The patient was taken emergently to the cath lab which did not reveal any significant coronary artery disease, but she was noted to have reduced EF consistent with Takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Reference on Troponins: Xenogiannis I, Vemmou E, Nikolakopoulos I, et al. It can only be seen by IVUS. MINOCA has many etiologies.

Emergency Department 52

Emergency Department E-9-1-1 Coronary STEMI 52

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

OCTOBER 17, 2024

Coronaries were normal, as was serial troponin. I sent the initial ECG of both cases without any context to my colleague Mazen El-Baba, a senior EM resident with an interest in ECG interpretation, and he responded: “RBBB with first degree AV block” for the first (ie no acute coronary occlusion), and “RBBB and superimposed OMI” for the second.

STEMI 73

STEMI Paramedic Coronary ED 73

Emergency Medicine Ireland

OCTOBER 30, 2023

This vasoconstriction affects pretty much all the vasculature including things like the coronaries (not so good) but does seem to spare the pulmonary arteries meaning it may be good in those with pulmonary hypertension. First up is the VASST trial, (Russel et al 2008 NEJM). Nagendran 2019 in CCM. Gordon, A. Nagendran, M.

Critical Care 52

Critical Care ALS Coronary ICU 52

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

FEBRUARY 10, 2023

Because of the importance of this entity — we continue to periodically review it in cases we present ( See the May 2, 2019 post — among many others ). NOTE: For illustrative purposes — I’ve adapted Figure-1 from the original manuscript by de Winter et al, published in this 2008 NEJM citation. D e W inter T Waves : In 2008 — Robert J.

STEMI 52

STEMI ALS Coronary OR 52

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

JULY 31, 2020

Their OMI Manifesto details how use of standard STEMI criteria results in an unacceptable level of inaccuracy, in which an estimated 25-30% of acute coronary occlusions are missed! The article by Aslanger, Smith et al that is featured above in today’s post has just been published. P.S.: Our September 3, 2020 post features Dr.

STEMI 52

STEMI Coronary EMR ALS 52

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

JANUARY 1, 2024

His medical history includes hypertension, a decade-long battle with diabetes, ischemic heart disease, a coronary bypass graft surgery ten years ago, a diagnosis of congestive heart failure for the last five years, and a prior ICD implantation five years ago.

Coronary 102

Coronary EMR STEMI Emergency Department 102

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

JANUARY 3, 2022

It was a 60yo with a history of stents to the circumflex and right coronary arteries, who presented with 9 hours of fluctuating central chest pain. This is step 4 : relying on the first troponin level to rule out acute coronary occlusion. 4] CT revealed no dissection but extensive coronary atherosclerosis. J of Emerg Med 2021.

STEMI 52

STEMI Coronary ALS ACS 52

EMS 12-Lead

MAY 8, 2022

Cardiology was consulted, who advised to surveil a metabolic process as this did not strike them as acute coronary syndrome. No calcium was administered during pre-hospital transport. The following ECG was captured upon arrival at the receiving ED. The serum K returned 8.7, along with a pH 6.94, and an HCO3 of 5. 2] Birnbaum, Y., Physiology.

STEMI 130

STEMI ED EMS Firefighter 130

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

MAY 13, 2020

Smith presented results from a 2019 article by Harhash et al, that confirm how the ECG pattern shown in Figure-1 does not represent acute LMain occlusion — but rather the differential diagnosis that I show above. Today’s Post by Dr. Smith adds to our knowledge of this syndrome.

Coronary 52

Coronary ACS EMS STEMI 52

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

FEBRUARY 13, 2023

Meyers et al. Accuracy of OMI findings versus STEMI criteria for diagnosis of acute coronary occlusion myocardial infarction. Aslanger et al. DIagnostic accuracy oF electrocardiogram for acute coronary OCClusion resulTing in myocardial infarction (DIFOCCULT study). Lemkes et al. Bergmark et al.

STEMI 52

STEMI Paramedic Coronary ALS 52

EMDocs

OCTOBER 30, 2023

16 In a study conducted by Millet et al. A retrospective study done in May 2023, by Shaish et al 24 showed a 30 % reduction in accuracy of NCCT compared to CECT in a study done among 201 adult ED patients with abdominal pain. link] Bellolio MF, Heien HC, Sangaralingham LR, et al. link] Published May 26, 2022. West J Emerg Med.

E-9-1-1 73

E-9-1-1 Emergency Department ALS CCT 73

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

NOVEMBER 12, 2020

And so it is wise to look at the coronary arteries. This ECG certainly looks like myocarditis, and was due to myocarditis, but missing acute coronary occlusion is not acceptable. 3–8 Shi et al. In acute MI, the T-wave is large, and the T/ST ratio is high. This is much more typical of myocarditis. Angiogram was negative.

E-9-1-1 52

E-9-1-1 STEMI Coronary ALS 52

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

OCTOBER 18, 2023

Dr. Smith’s ECG Blog has published a growing list of over 40 cases of ECGs falsely labeled ‘normal’ by the computer which are diagnostic of Occlusion MI, and Smith et al. Smith’s ECG Blog has published a growing list of over 40 cases of ECGs falsely labeled ‘normal’ by the computer which are diagnostic of Occlusion MI, and Smith et al.

STEMI 119

STEMI Emergency Department Coronary OR 119

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

MAY 23, 2023

I have here 38 cases of "Computer Normal" ECGs which were critically abnormal and the vast majority are missed acute coronary occlusions (Missed Acute OMI) and most were recognized by the physician. We wrote this Editorial in the Journal of Electrocardiology in 2019. Litell JM, Meyers HP, Smith SW.

STEMI 93

STEMI Coronary Paramedic OR 93

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

NOVEMBER 5, 2023

By Magnus Nossen, edits by Grauer and Smith The patient is a 70-something female with DMII, HTN and an extensive prior history of coronary artery disease and myocardial infarctions. PLUS — Today's patient is an older woman with known severe coronary disease who presented with new chest pain. She's had multiple PCI procedures.

Coronary 105

Coronary OR ALS 105

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

MARCH 9, 2023

Karwowski et al showed that only 64% of 4581 STEMIs had TIMI 0 flow on angiogram. [25] 25] Stone et al found that 72% have TIMI 0 or 1 flow. [26] 26] Finally, Cox et al found that 80% had TIMI 0, 1, or 2.27 Karwowski et al showed that only 64% of 4581 STEMIs had TIMI 0 flow on angiogram. [25] Pol Arch Intern Med.

E-9-1-1 52

E-9-1-1 STEMI Coronary ALS 52

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

APRIL 22, 2022

Backus BE, Six AJ, Kelder JC, et al. Moumneh T, Sun BC, Baecker A, et al. Identifying patients with low risk for acute coronary syndrome without troponin testing: validation of the HEAR score. Shah ASV, Anand A, Sandoval Y, et al. Patel J, Alattar F, Koneru J, et al. Gulati M, Levy P, Mukherjee D, et al.

E-9-1-1 52

E-9-1-1 STEMI ALS ED 52

REBEL EM

SEPTEMBER 26, 2022

Article: Kumar M et al. Hayes-Larson 2019). References De Pietri L, Bianchini M, Montalti R, et al. PMID: 31229583 Kumar M, Ahmad J, Maiwall R, et al. PMID: 31148204 Rout G, Shalimar, Gunjan D, et al. PMID: 20335313 Wang SC, Shieh JF, Chang KY, et al. Hepatology. 2020;71(1):235-246. Hepatology. Hepatology.

FFP 52

FFP E-9-1-1 ICU ALS 52

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

MARCH 6, 2019

I believe this is by far the most common outcome for this patient around the world in 2019. Current practice ranges widely, but based on my short experience and reports from other institutions, most of these patients are not being taken emergently to the cath lab in 2019. Patel et al., Krucoff et al.) Patel et al.

STEMI 52

STEMI ALS ACS OR 52

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

MAY 19, 2022

Ct coronary angiogram showed normal coronary arteries. Smith note: I think CT coronary angiogram is reasonable with the elevated troponins and symptoms. The Cardiorespiratory Implications of Ultra-marathon Bjørkavoll‐Bergseth et al. Paana et al. International Journal of Cardiology 2019. ng/L; 3 hours, 38.3

E-9-1-1 52

E-9-1-1 Coronary OR ED 52

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

JANUARY 6, 2024

Therefore the impulse must have originated somewhere lower in the atria, perhaps near the coronary sinus. The September 27, 2019 post — for the Rowlands & Moore article with the above-noted formulas for recognizing the “culprit” extremity. Complete heart block is the state of the AV node. The January 30, 2018 post — for PTA.

ALS 95

ALS STEMI Coronary OR 95

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

SEPTEMBER 7, 2020

SVT misdiagnosed as panic disorder Lessmeier TJ, Gamperling D, Johnson-Liddon V, et al. Lessmeier et al. I’ll add here 2 more reference links on the subject — by Brugada; Diez — and — by Tondo et al. Not all forms of idiopathic VT are predictable based on their ECG appearance ( Anderson et al, 2019 ).

E-9-1-1 52

E-9-1-1 ALS OR Coronary 52

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

SEPTEMBER 21, 2022

This is most consistent with ischemia/infarction in the distribution of the left circumflex coronary artery. Meyers, Bracey, Smith, et al. Echocardiogram: The estimated left ventricular ejection fraction is 34% Regional wall motion abnormality-lateral, akinetic. Next Day ECG: T waves in V2, V3 are larger than they were at baseline.

STEMI 52

STEMI ED Coronary OR 52

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

JUNE 2, 2023

Some excellent references on ARVD: This is a case report with lots of good info, from 2019, but you can only read it if you have a subscription to American J Cardiol: Holshouser JW and Littmann L. Here is an explanation of the importance of leads V1 and V2. Here is another nice example. Cardiac MRI will tell you if ARVC is or is not present.

ED 83

ED OR ALS CAD 83

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

FEBRUARY 28, 2020

Kosuge et al. Witting et al. This does not contradict the conclusions of Kosuge et al. , Finally, Stein et al. This is a paper worth reading : Marchik et al. These points have been emphasized in many previous posts on Dr. Smith’s blog ( See the April 5, 2019 post , including My Comment at the bottom of that page ).

E-9-1-1 52

E-9-1-1 ACS ALS OR 52

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

OCTOBER 7, 2019

See this paper by Smith et al. Smith pointed out that while atropine may may result in slightly more oxygen demand, the increase in cardiac output and in blood pressure would increase overall coronary perfusion and decrease ischemia. V4R in Right Ventricular MI As in the Smith study of lead V1 in RVMI, Kosuge et al.

STEMI 52

STEMI EMS Coronary ALS 52