EMS 12-Lead

JUNE 20, 2022

Although the attending crews did not consider the ECG pathognomonic for occlusive thrombosis, they nonetheless considered the patient high-risk for ACS and implored him to reconsider. A prehospital STEMI activation was transmitted to the closest PCI center, and 324mg ASA was administered. The pathology is now painfully evident.

ACS 130

ACS Coronary STEMI CAD 130

The Skeptics' Guide to EM

SEPTEMBER 11, 2021

Date: September 8th, 2021 Reference: Desch et al. Date: September 8th, 2021 Reference: Desch et al. Defibrillation is the treatment of choice in these cases but does not often result in sustained ROSC ( Kudenchuk et al 2006). Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is responsible for the majority (60%) of all OHCAs in patients.

EMR 130

EMR Coronary Defibrillator Life Support 130

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

JUNE 17, 2024

for those of you who do not do Emergency Medicine, ECGs are handed to us without any clinical context) The ECG was read simply as "No STEMI." In fact, Kosuge et al. Stein et al. This is a paper worth reading : Marchik et al. Kosuge et al. Witting et al. of patients with PE and 3.3% of patients without PE.

E-9-1-1 137

E-9-1-1 ACS Emergency Department Coronary 137

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

JANUARY 27, 2024

There were zero patients in this study with a "normal" ECG who had any kind of ACS! So this NSTEMI was likely a STEMI(-)OMI with delayed reperfusion. The patient was admitted as ‘NSTEMI’ which is supposed to represent a non-occlusive MI, but the underlying pathophysiology is analogous to a transient STEMI. Deutch et al.

STEMI 102

STEMI Coronary ACS ED 102

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

NOVEMBER 4, 2022

This has been termed a “STEMI equivalent” and included in STEMI guidelines, suggesting this patient should receive dual anti-platelets, heparin and immediate cath lab activation–or thrombolysis in centres where cath lab is not available. His response: “subendocardial ischemia. Anything more on history? POCUS will be helpful.”

Coronary 52

Coronary ACS STEMI ALS 52

EMS 12-Lead

APRIL 14, 2022

It should be emphasized here that this is a presentation of high-pretest probability for Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS). There is mixed overlap of ST-segment elevation (STE), ST-segment depression (STD), Hyperacute T waves (HATW), and deWinter pattern (which the ACC regards as a STEMI-equivalent but is better suited under the blanket of OMI).

ACS 130

ACS Paramedic Coronary ALS 130

ECG & Echo Learning

JANUARY 18, 2023

STEMI , ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction ). 1 Initial diagnosis of STEMI ECG Management Recommendation Level of evidence A 12-lead ECG should be interpreted immediately (within 10 minutes) at first medical contact. I C If possible, patients should bypass non-PCI centres to a PCI-capable centre.

STEMI 40

STEMI Coronary OR Defibrillator 40

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

AUGUST 19, 2023

This is diagnostic of infero-posterior OMI, but it is falsely negative by STEMI criteria and with falsely negative posterior leads (though they do show mild ST elevation in V4R). But because the patient had no chest pain or shortness of breath, it was not deemed to be from ACS. Herzog et al. Khan et al. Take home 1.

STEMI 86

STEMI ACS OR ALS 86

EMS 12-Lead

APRIL 8, 2022

BP 142/100 HR 90 RR 16 (BBS CTA) SpO2 99 (RA) Dstick 110 My colleagues noted the ST-depression in the respective leads, as well, and STEMI activated to the nearest PCI center. 1] Here is the admitting ED ECG after cancellation of Code STEMI. The EMS crews were correct moving forward with STEMI activation. 1] Driver, B.

STEMI 130

STEMI ALS Coronary CAD 130

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

AUGUST 9, 2024

The receiving emergency physician consulted with interventional cardiology who stated there was no STEMI. Similarly, the OMI paradigm respects ACS as a dynamic process in which ECG changes reflect the phase of myocardial injury and risk stratify which patients may benefit from emergent PCI. Bigger et al. Is there STEMI?

STEMI 85

STEMI Coronary Heart Attack ACS 85

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

MARCH 19, 2024

The Queen of Hearts agrees: Here the Queen explains why: However, it was not interpreted correctly by the providers: ED interpretation of ECG: "paced rhythm, LBBB but no STEMI pattern." Most large STEMI have peak troponin I in the 20.0 There are hyperacute T-waves in V5 and V6. Next trop in AM. Peak trop 257.97 ng/mL - 80.0

CAD 89

CAD STEMI ACS ALS 89

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

NOVEMBER 30, 2022

The fire department, who operate at an EMT level in this municipality, arrived before us and administered 324 mg of baby aspirin to the patient due to concern for ACS. Reference on Troponins: Xenogiannis I, Vemmou E, Nikolakopoulos I, et al. Lindahl et al. From Gue at al.

Emergency Department 52

Emergency Department E-9-1-1 Coronary STEMI 52

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

APRIL 17, 2023

He had no symptoms of ACS. The Queen of Hearts correctly says: Smith : Why is this ECG which manifests so much ST Elevation NOT a STEMI (even if it were a 60 year old with chest pain)? His HEAR score (before troponin resulted) was documented at 3, with documentation stating "low suspicion for ACS." Physician: "No STEMI."

OR 52

OR STEMI ACS Emergency Department 52

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

JANUARY 3, 2022

Step 1 to missing posterior MI is relying on the STEMI criteria. A prospective validation of STEMI criteria based on the first ED ECG found it was only 21% sensitive for Occlusion MI, and disproportionately missed inferoposterior OMI.[1] But it is still STEMI negative. A 15 lead ECG was done (below). In a study last year, 14.4%

STEMI 52

STEMI Coronary ALS ACS 52

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

NOVEMBER 3, 2023

The ECG was read as "No STEMI" and the patient was treated like an average chest pain patient (despite the fact that a chest pain patient with active pain and active subendocardial ischemia is very high risk). In our opinion it should not be given in ACS unless you are committed to the cath lab. Am J Emerg Med. 2014;32:e5–e8.

ACS 83

ACS Coronary ALS CAD 83

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

AUGUST 9, 2019

But if they do present: The very common presentation of diffuse STD with reciprocal STE in aVR is NOT left main occlusion , though it might be due to sub total LM ACS, but is much more often due to non-ACS conditions, especially demand ischemia. All are, however, clearly massive STEMI. Widimsky P et al.

Coronary 52

Coronary STEMI ACS ALS 52

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

OCTOBER 24, 2018

This is all but diagnostic of STEMI, probably due to wraparound LAD The cath lab was activated. Thelin et al. Mokhtari et al. These include: i ) appreciation of how problematic the definition of “acute STEMI” can be; and , ii ) illustration of how dependence on this definition may result in overlooking acute coronary occlusion.

E-9-1-1 52

E-9-1-1 STEMI ACS Coronary 52

ACEP Now

AUGUST 12, 2024

Considering hyperacute T-waves have been accepted as STEMI equivalents, it is possible that pseudonormalization could gain more recognition as an indicator of ACS. 4 In a similar investigation of 50 patients noted a relationship between pseudonormalization and ischemia although the study was underpowered to meet clinical significance.

Emergency Department 52

Emergency Department STEMI ACS ED 52

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

MARCH 6, 2019

This is technically a STEMI, with 1.5 However, I think many practitioners might not see this as a clear STEMI, and would instead call this "borderline." They collected several repeat ECGs at the outside hospital before transport: None of these three ECGs meet STEMI criteria. This ECG was recorded on arrival: What do you think?

STEMI 52

STEMI ALS ACS OR 52

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

SEPTEMBER 7, 2024

Smith : there is some minimal ST elevation in V2-V6, but does not meet STEMI criteria. Transient STEMI has been studied and many of these patients will re-occlude in the middle of the night. Lemkes et al. No wall motion abnormality This shows that significant ACS can have ZERO WMA!! Is it normal STE? Eur Heart J 2018.

STEMI 113

STEMI ACS Critical Care OR 113

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

MARCH 13, 2013

You can see how V1, V2, aVR, and V4R would have ST elevation in either a right ventricular STEMI or with a septal STEMI, and how lateral leads, and even posterior leads, would have reciprocal ST depression. In a 1999 study by Engelen et al. of patients with anterior STEMI, ST elevation of greater than or equal to 3.0

STEMI 52

STEMI Coronary ALS ACS 52

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

MAY 8, 2023

Code STEMI was activated by the ED physician based on the diagnostic ECG for LAD OMI in ventricular paced rhythm. This was several months after the 2022 ACC Guidelines adding modified Sgarbossa criteria as a STEMI equivalent in ventricular paced rhythm). LAFB, atrial flutter, anterolateral STEMI(+) OMI. Limkakeng AT.

STEMI 52

STEMI Coronary ED ACS 52

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

DECEMBER 6, 2022

Had the cardiologists followed NSTEMI or transient STEMI guidelines, which recommend non-urgent cath, the patient could have redeveloped an OMI and had a worse outcome. But this foresight will not be recorded, because the patient was diagnosed as "transient STEMI", even though no ECG ever met STEMI criteria. Take home 1.

STEMI 52

STEMI ACS Coronary OR 52

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

JANUARY 5, 2024

Thus, these troponins are very concerning for ACS, and subsequent ones will probably be diagnostic of acute MI. Heitner et al. For this test it is VERY low (very good) at 4% at the 99th percentile -- 26 ng/L, but it will not be so good at a level of 9 ng/L. The troponin is trapped in the myocardium that is not being perfused.

ACS 107

ACS ALS OR STEMI 107

EMS 12-Lead

APRIL 21, 2022

STEMI was activated and the patient went to Cath on arrival. Such aggressive investigation was particularly warranted in this case because of symptoms compatible with ACS, as well as an equally frightening revelation of family history. link] [1] Mirand, D. Canadian Journal of Cardiology, 34 ; 132-145. [2] 2] Aslanger, E.,

Coronary 130

Coronary ALS OR ACS 130

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

AUGUST 3, 2017

The precordial ST-depression pattern on this ECG (and in this clinical setting) should immediately raise suspicion of Posterior STEMI! Posterior STEMI occurs in approximately 15-20% of acute MI, but the vast majority of the time it is seen in conjunction with inferior (Infero-Posterior) or lateral (Postero-Lateral) STEMI (1).

STEMI 52

STEMI E-9-1-1 Coronary ALS 52

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

APRIL 8, 2022

The ECG is diagnostic for acute transmural infarction of the anterior and lateral walls, with LAD OMI being the most likely cause (which has various potential etiologies for the actual cause of the acute coronary artery occlusion, the most common of which is of course type 1 ACS, plaque rupture with thrombotic occlusion).

STEMI 52

STEMI Coronary ACS ED 52

EMS 12-Lead

APRIL 2, 2022

Figure 1-1 My colleague, a faithful student of ECG interpretation, handed me the tracing and said that it warranted STEMI activation because of apparent terminal QRS distortion (TQRSD) in V2. Anecdotally, had there been symptoms unequivocally consistent with ACS then one could justifiably make the case for a potential D1 occlusion.

ALS 130

ALS STEMI Coronary OR 130

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

OCTOBER 24, 2019

SCAD isn’t rare, especially in women Historically SCAD had been identified in 22% of ACS cases in women. A recent study found that SCAD causes almost 20% of STEMI in young women. Pregnancy is not a common cause of SCAD When ACS occurs in the peripartum period, SCAD is responsible in 43% of cases. A study by Hassan et al.

Coronary 52

Coronary CAD ACS STEMI 52

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

OCTOBER 11, 2020

The provider contacted cardiology to discuss the case, but cardiology "didn't think it was a STEMI, didn't think he needed emergent cath." Canto et al. JAMA 2000) showed that 1/3 of patients with STEMI, and 1/3 of patients with NSTEMI, present without chest pain. The whole paradigm is literally called "STEMI" vs. "NSTEMI."

STEMI 52

STEMI ACS OR Coronary 52

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

MAY 13, 2020

Here is the EMS ECG: Obviously massive diffuse subendocardial ischemia, with profound STD and STE in aVR Of course this pattern is most often seen from etoliogies other than ACS. The ECG only tells you there is ischemia, not the etiology of it. Nevertheless, the clinical situation made other etiologies unlikely. Is this OMI?

Coronary 52

Coronary ACS EMS ALS 52

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

DECEMBER 19, 2023

Because there was proven thrombus (ACS) but the troponin never went above the 99% reference range (and therefore cannot be called MI -- definition of MI requires rise and/or fall of troponin with at least one value above the 99% reference range), this is UNSTABLE ANGINA with ST Elevation.

E-9-1-1 119

E-9-1-1 Coronary ACS BLS 119

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

JANUARY 6, 2023

Lupu L, et al. Immediate and early percutaneous coronary intervention in very high-risk and high-risk Non-STEMI patients. Smith comment: We have shown that use of opiates is associated with worse outcomes in ACS: Bracey, A. Opioids in ACS may reduce the pain score, but do not provide reperfusion for ongoing ACS.

ACS 52

ACS Coronary ICU STEMI 52

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

SEPTEMBER 17, 2023

Troponin T peaked at 2074 ng/L (very high, typical of OMI/STEMI). 3) RV Failure leads to hypotension but NOT pulmonary edema (unlike LV failure) 4) Repeat ECGs, right sided ECG and bedside echo may be helpful in making a diagnosis of ACS. Post PCI the patient became gravely hypotensive and "shocky". The LV EF was 57% at formal echo.

STEMI 96

STEMI OR ACS ALS 96

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

APRIL 23, 2016

But beware the few false negatives, especially when there are hyperacute T-waves but no ST elevation (see Case 2 below): Formula to differentiate Normal Variant ST Elevation (Early Repolarization) from Anterior STEMI. 2 or 3 do not rule out unstable angina, even in the era of high sensitivity troponin: this study by Thelin et al.

STEMI 52

STEMI ACS Coronary ALS 52

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

JANUARY 1, 2013

Precordial ST depression may be subendocardial ischemia or posterior STEMI. If you thought it might be a posterior STEMI, then you might have ordered a posterior ECG [change leads V4-V6 around to the back (V7-V9)]. In this case, the patient had failed to take his atenolol in the AM and was having reflex tachycardia in addition to ACS.

STEMI 52

STEMI ACS Coronary CAD 52

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

JANUARY 2, 2016

LVH and the diagnosis of STEMI - how should we apply the current guidelines? In this paper, Dr. Birnbaum writes: "In patients with ACS without LVH, ST depression with negative T waves in the lateral leads is a sign of sub-endocardial ischemia and is an independent predictor of adverse outcome [11 – 13]. Armstrong EJ et al.

STEMI 52

STEMI ACS OR ALS 52