NAEMSP

MARCH 5, 2024

Article Summary by Sarah Fabiano, MD, FACEP, FAAEM Lyng JW, Braithwaite S, Abraham H, et al. Air medical transport has been utilized in multiple hospital based programs including trauma, STEMI, and stroke. Prehosp Emerg Care 2021 Nov-Dec;25(6):854-73. doi: 10.1080/10903127.2021.1967534.

Critical Care 52

Critical Care Medical Transportation CPR EMS 52

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

MARCH 9, 2023

Barely any STE, and thus not meeting STEMI criteria. Annals of Emergency Medicine Cardiology was called to evaluate the patient immediately for emergent cath, but they stated that the ECG did not meet STEMI criteria and elected to wait for further information before proceeding with cath. He was given 6mg IV morphine for ongoing pain.

E-9-1-1 52

E-9-1-1 STEMI Coronary ALS 52

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

DECEMBER 29, 2023

But because there was no new ST elevation, the ECG was signed off as “STEMI negative” and the patient waited to be seen. But the ECG still doesn’t meet STEMI criteria. It was therefore interpreted as “no STEMI” and the patient was treated with dual anti-platelets and referred to cardiology as “NSTEMI.” the cardiologist 5.

STEMI 74

STEMI Coronary OR ALS 74

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

MAY 23, 2023

Notice on the right side of the image how the algorithm correctly measures STE sufficient in V1 and V2 to meet STEMI criteria in a man older than age 40. As most would agree, this ECG shows highly specific findings of anterolateral OMI, even with STEMI criteria in this case. Thus, this is obvious STEMI(+) OMI until proven otherwise.

STEMI 89

STEMI Coronary Paramedic OR 89

REBEL EM

MARCH 2, 2023

Based on recent studies, current guidelines recommend that O2 should not be given to non-hypoxemic patients with STEMI or NSTEMI [2,3]. Click here for Direct Download of the Podcast Paper: Stewart, RAH et al. 4159 patients (10% of total population) had STEMI 30d Mortality: High O2 protocol: 8.8% PMID: 25260718 Ibanez B et al.

ACS 52

ACS Coronary STEMI Ambulance 52

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

AUGUST 19, 2023

This is diagnostic of infero-posterior OMI, but it is falsely negative by STEMI criteria and with falsely negative posterior leads (though they do show mild ST elevation in V4R). They were less likely to have STEMI on ECG, and more likely to be initially diagnosed as non-ACS. Herzog et al. Khan et al. Circulation 2007 2.

STEMI 86

STEMI ACS OR ALS 86

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

MAY 8, 2023

Code STEMI was activated by the ED physician based on the diagnostic ECG for LAD OMI in ventricular paced rhythm. This was several months after the 2022 ACC Guidelines adding modified Sgarbossa criteria as a STEMI equivalent in ventricular paced rhythm). LAFB, atrial flutter, anterolateral STEMI(+) OMI. Limkakeng AT.

STEMI 52

STEMI Coronary ED ACS 52

EMS 12-Lead

MAY 8, 2022

The attending crews were concerned for SVT with corresponding ischemic hyperacute T waves (HATW) and subsequently activated STEMI pre-hospital. They are definitely high in amplitude and, intermittently, appear to disproportionately tower over the respective QRS. Closer inspection will show that it is Sinus, after all. 2] Birnbaum, Y.,

STEMI 130

STEMI ED EMS Firefighter 130

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

JULY 21, 2024

The ECG shows obvious STEMI(+) OMI due to probable proximal LAD occlusion. There is no definite evidence of acute ischemia. (ie, In this study — Procainamide was superior to Amiodarone for terminating monomorphic VT, as well as having fewer adverse effects than Amiodarone ( Ortiz et al — Eur Heart J 1;38 (17): 1329-1335, 2017 ).

Defibrillator 117

Defibrillator Coronary ALS STEMI 117

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

FEBRUARY 10, 2023

Inferior ST Depression does NOT mean there is inferior subendocardial ischemia; it is generally reciprocal to high lateral (aVL) subepicardial ischemia (OMI/STEMI) == MY Comment by K EN G RAUER, MD ( 2/10/2023 ): == There are certain patterns in ECG interpretation that experienced providers are able to immediately recognize. See text ).

ALS 52

ALS STEMI Coronary OR 52

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

DECEMBER 6, 2022

Had the cardiologists followed NSTEMI or transient STEMI guidelines, which recommend non-urgent cath, the patient could have redeveloped an OMI and had a worse outcome. But this foresight will not be recorded, because the patient was diagnosed as "transient STEMI", even though no ECG ever met STEMI criteria.

STEMI 52

STEMI ACS Coronary OR 52

ACEP Now

JULY 6, 2023

4 Formerly, chest pain patients without an S-T Elevation Acute Myocardial Infarction (STEMI), whose pain was suspected to be cardiac in nature, became inpatients for sequential monitoring of their lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase isozyme profiles. Gulati M, et al. Stiell IG, et al. Stiell IG, et al. Postgrad Med.

ALS 52

ALS Emergency Department STEMI ED 52

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

APRIL 17, 2023

The Queen of Hearts correctly says: Smith : Why is this ECG which manifests so much ST Elevation NOT a STEMI (even if it were a 60 year old with chest pain)? Physician interpretation: "No STEMI." Physician: "No STEMI." Cardiologist interpretation: "Technically does not meet STEMI criteria but concerning for ischemia."

OR 52

OR STEMI ACS Emergency Department 52

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

JANUARY 5, 2024

80%) and definitely too much for hour to hour. However, the Definition of MI requires at least one value above the 99th percentile, which for a male is 34 ng/L (16 ng/L for women). Heitner et al. Our patient already has an ECG diagnostic for OMI, so this finding is useless.) HsTnI drawn at that time was 9 ng/L (ref.

ACS 110

ACS ALS OR STEMI 110

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

NOVEMBER 3, 2023

The ECG was read as "No STEMI" and the patient was treated like an average chest pain patient (despite the fact that a chest pain patient with active pain and active subendocardial ischemia is very high risk). Hayakawa A, Tsukahara K, Miyagawa S, et al. In my opinion, I think it looks more like subendocardial ischemia. Am J Emerg Med.

ACS 87

ACS Coronary ALS CAD 87

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

OCTOBER 30, 2023

A 60 yo with 2 previous inferior (RCA) STEMIs, stented, called 911 for one hour of chest pain. Here is his most recent previous ECG: This was recorded after intervention for inferior STEMI (with massive ST Elevation, see below), and shows inferior Q-waves with T-wave inversion typical of completed inferior OMI. ng/mL (quite large).

STEMI 116

STEMI ED ALS OR 116

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

JUNE 1, 2022

This " imbalance of precordial T waves" is not seen very often — and in the “right” clinical setting, has been associated with recent OMI from a LCx culprit artery ( See Manno et al: JACC 1:1213, 1983 — and the July 17, 2013 post by Salim Rezaie in ALiEM ). NOTE: These changes are subtle.

STEMI 52

STEMI Coronary OR ALS 52

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

SEPTEMBER 17, 2023

Troponin T peaked at 2074 ng/L (very high, typical of OMI/STEMI). Lead aVL is definitely not normal. Post PCI the patient became gravely hypotensive and "shocky". She stabilized on dobutamine and levosimendan infusions that could be discontinued after 24 hours. The LV EF was 57% at formal echo. 21, 2017 ).

STEMI 100

STEMI OR ACS ALS 100

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

DECEMBER 19, 2023

Because there was proven thrombus (ACS) but the troponin never went above the 99% reference range (and therefore cannot be called MI -- definition of MI requires rise and/or fall of troponin with at least one value above the 99% reference range), this is UNSTABLE ANGINA with ST Elevation.

E-9-1-1 123

E-9-1-1 Coronary ACS BLS 123

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

APRIL 25, 2023

Smith and Meyers to diagnose both obvious (STEMI) and subtle OMI. NOTE: For detailed review regarding use of Cardiac MRI in acute chest pain evaluation — See the extensive article by Broncano et al ( RadioGraphics 41:8-31, 2021 ). To Emphasize: Definitive diagnosis was not attained in today's case until cardiac MRI study.

Coronary 52

Coronary STEMI ALS OR 52

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

MAY 6, 2019

If it is STEMI, it would have to be RBBB with STEMI. Excerpted from Vutthikraivit et al: Acta Cardiol Sin 34:267-277, 2018 ). == Distinction is made between 2 types of Brugada ECG patterns: A B rugada - 1 ECG pattern — shows ≥2 mm coved ST elevation with sharp downslope plus T wave inversion in ≥2 anterior leads.

STEMI 52

STEMI Defibrillator OR ALS 52

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

APRIL 8, 2022

There is clearly sufficient STE for STEMI criteria in leads V2 and aVL, but lead I has less than 1.0 mm of STE - thus, technically this ECG does not meet STEMI criteria, although it is a quite obvious OMI. This ECG was immediatel y discussed with the on-call cardiologist who said the ECG was "concerning but not a STEMI."

STEMI 52

STEMI Coronary ACS ED 52

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

OCTOBER 3, 2018

Khan AR, Golwala H, Tripathi A, et al. Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) was defined by the Third Universal Definition of AMI. And, in cases like the elderly patient with new-onset chest pain presented here — definitive diagnosis of acute STEMI is sometimes deceptively easy. In normal conduction , (i.e.,

Coronary 52

Coronary STEMI Paramedic ALS 52

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

FEBRUARY 13, 2023

There’s inferior ST depression which is reciprocal to subtle lateral convex ST elevation, and the precordial T waves are subtly hyperacute – all concerning for STEMI(-)OMI of proximal LAD. There’s ST elevation I/aVL/V2 that meet STEMI criteria. This is obvious STEMI(+)OMI of proximal LAD. Non-STEMI or STEMI(-)OMI?

STEMI 52

STEMI Paramedic Coronary ALS 52

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

MAY 13, 2020

Sensitivity of POCUS even for definite wall motion abnormalities is far from perfect. Dr. Smith also referenced an article by Knotts et al, showing that even when diffuse subendocardial ischemia is due to coronary disease — that only a minority of patients had severe LMain coronary disease as the cause. Is this OMI?

Coronary 52

Coronary ACS EMS ALS 52

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

OCTOBER 7, 2019

There is an obvious inferior STEMI, but what else? Besides the obvious inferior STEMI, there is across the precordial leads also, especially in V1. This STE is diagnostic of Right Ventricular STEMI (RV MI). In fact, the STE is widespread, mimicking an anterior STEMI. See this paper by Smith et al.

STEMI 52

STEMI EMS Coronary ALS 52

ACEP Now

OCTOBER 3, 2023

This guideline revision is particularly timely as EMS systems have shown their abilities to dramatically improve survival and neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest, STEMI, acute stroke, and other time-sensitive conditions. References Lulla A, et al. Spaite DW, Bobrow BJ, Keim SM, et al. Prehosp Emerg Care. J Safety Res.

Emergency Medical Services 98

Emergency Medical Services EMS OR Overdose 98

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

FEBRUARY 14, 2020

Some patients will not progress (or not as quickly) to obvious STEMI, as in this case. Some of these 7 tracings showed subtle-but-definite ST segment straightening and/or elevation in at least 2 ( if not all 3 ) anterior leads. Sometimes serial ECGs minimizes the delay. Our THANKS to Dr. Meyers for presenting this instructive case!

STEMI 52

STEMI ACS OR ED 52

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

SEPTEMBER 21, 2022

Meyers, Bracey, Smith, et al. OMI that are not STEMI can be very subtle and difficult to diagnose even though the findings are very specific. As occurred in today’s case — there are times when despite definitive recognition of posterior OMI by other means — no ST elevation at all will be seen in posterior leads.

STEMI 52

STEMI ED Coronary OR 52

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

JULY 11, 2019

These findings are very subtle but suspicious for LAD occlusion, as we have seen in many similar (but less difficult) cases on this blog: A man in his sixties with chest pain at midnight with undetectable troponin How long would you like to wait for your Occlusion MI to show a STEMI? Learning Points: Not all OMI will present as STEMIs.

STEMI 52

STEMI ACS CAD ED 52

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

NOVEMBER 3, 2017

Here is a video lecture of subtle LAD occlusion: One hour lecture on Subtle ECG Findings of Coronary Occlusion The 3-variable formula comes from this paper: Smith SW et al. These kinds of cases were excluded from the study as obvious anterior STEMI. --QTc The 4-variable formula is based on this paper: Driver, BE et al.

STEMI 52

STEMI Coronary OR ALS 52

EMS 12-Lead

APRIL 2, 2022

Figure 1-1 My colleague, a faithful student of ECG interpretation, handed me the tracing and said that it warranted STEMI activation because of apparent terminal QRS distortion (TQRSD) in V2. 1, 2] The most clinically useful definition to account for this entire constellation is intraventricular conduction delay.

ALS 130

ALS STEMI Coronary OR 130

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

JUNE 5, 2023

Here it is: Obvious Inferior Posterior STEMI (+) OMI. Initial troponin was: 3 ng/L We showed that the first troponin in acute STEMI is often negative in at least 27%. Aside on ECG Research: 20% of Definite diagnostic STEMI (Cox et al.) The cath lab was activated prehospital But imagine if the patient had walked in.

STEMI 78

STEMI Coronary Ambulance ED 78

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

MARCH 6, 2019

This is technically a STEMI, with 1.5 However, I think many practitioners might not see this as a clear STEMI, and would instead call this "borderline." They collected several repeat ECGs at the outside hospital before transport: None of these three ECGs meet STEMI criteria. This ECG was recorded on arrival: What do you think?

STEMI 52

STEMI ALS ACS OR 52

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

NOVEMBER 30, 2022

Reference on Troponins: Xenogiannis I, Vemmou E, Nikolakopoulos I, et al. Lindahl et al. From Gue at al. STEMI MINOCA versus NSTEMI MINOCA STEMI occurs in the presence of transmural ischaemia due to transient or persistent complete occlusion of the infarct-related coronary artery.

Emergency Department 52

Emergency Department E-9-1-1 Coronary STEMI 52

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

OCTOBER 11, 2020

Findings: - Sinus tachycardia - Poor R wave progression - STD in leads V3 and V4 - there is almost an appearance of STE in V6, but it is not definite - there is also slight STE in aVL with slight reciprocal STD in inferior leads Impression: Diagnostic of posterior OMI [and the subtle lateral involvement (aVL) supports this] until proven otherwise.

STEMI 52

STEMI OR ACS Coronary 52

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

DECEMBER 20, 2013

Without seeing the patient, my interpretation of the first ECG was: likely normal variant ST-elevation (early repolarization), with a small possibility of pericarditis, and almost no possibility of acute coronary occlusion (STEMI). and therefore highly unlikely to be STEMI. He was discharged home on anticoagulation.

STEMI 52

STEMI OR Coronary ED 52