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Does that normal troponin and ECG obviate the need for cardiology consultation for my patient with a concerning story for acute coronary syndrome? After some fentanyl, applying traction, and “opening the book,” he improved. New York: Penguin Books. The astute triage nurse—based on gestalt—moved to earlier physician evaluation.
He reported a history of ischemic cardiomyopathy with coronary stent placement approximately 10 years prior, but could not recall the specific artery involved. So, when I first began teaching ECGs and writing my books (in the early 1980s) — I decided to synthesize my impressions of the literature into what I felt (e.g.
The ECG below show a very clean and text book example of triangular QRST waveform also know "Shark Fin". Other coronaries were normal. Added on the right is the J-point marked with vertical red line. Is there OMI? How did the PM Cardio Queen of Hearts perform: OMI with high confidence.
The above principles are all well illustrated with this figure from my book, The ECG in Acute MI (2002). It is important to recognize that coronary thrombosis is dynamic , with spontaneous opening and lysing of the thrombus in the infarct-related artery (we all have endogenous tPA and plasmin to lyse thrombi). Akkerhuis KM, et al.
I believe that I was the first to represent Wellens as a reperfusion syndrome, in my book , The ECG in Acute MI , pages 22-23 and 51, and in chapter 27 on Reperfusion and Reocclusion. From my experience, I am confident that if it were formally studied, it would be born out. Wehrens XH, Doevendans PA, Ophuis TJ, Wellens HJ. Am Heart J.
Note 2 other similar cases at the bottom that come from my book, The ECG in Acute MI. See similar cases below from my book, The ECG in Acute MI New 4-Variable Formula I have published a new formula for Early Repolarization vs. Subtle LAD Occlusion that solves the problem of false positives due to LVH by adding a 4th variable, QRS in V2.
IF the clinical scenario for ECG #1 , was that this tracing was recorded in an ambulatory care setting from an otherwise stable patient with longstanding coronary disease but no new chest pain — then I would interpret this ECG as showing "nonspecific" ST-T wave abnormalities that are probably not acute.
Other risk factors include heavy physical exertion, alcohol consumption, dehydration, and existing co-morbidities that may affect acclimatization such as coronary artery disease, COPD, hypertension, obesity, and sickle cell trait/anemia. High Elevation Travel & Altitude Illness | CDC Yellow Book 2024.”
Characteristic electrocardiographic pattern indicating a critical stenosis high in left anterior descending coronary artery in patients admitted because of impending myocardial infarction. Am Heart J. 1982 Apr;103(4 Pt 2):730-6. de Zwaan C et al. Am Ht J 117(3): 657-665; March 1989. Wehrens XH, Doevendans PA, Ophuis TJ, Wellens HJ.
LVH can mimic an acute anterior coronary occlusion (ACO) on the ECG. LVH usually has concave-upwards ST segments, but conVEX-upwards can also be seen, e.g. in these cases from Dr Smith’s book: The ECG in Acute MI : Case 22-1. Upwardly concave ST segment morphology is common in acute left anterior descending coronary occlusion.
Identifying patients with low risk for acute coronary syndrome without troponin testing: validation of the HEAR score. High-sensitivity cardiac troponin I at presentation in patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome: a cohort study. Moumneh T, Sun BC, Baecker A, et al. Am J Med 2021 5. Shah ASV, Anand A, Sandoval Y, et al.
There is a body of literature from the thrombolytic era showing that high ST score correlates with high mortality (see annotated bibliography below, from my book The ECG in Acute MI ). This comes from chapter 28 of my book The ECG in Acute MI ). Global Utilization of Streptokinase and t-PA for Occluded Coronary Arteries.
From Smith's book: Learning Points: 1. Complete, bubble contrast echo is excellent: if there is no wall motion abnormality then it is very unlikely that there is a large epicardial coronary occlusion. II and aVF appear to have new Q waves. You cannot trust the computer to identify OMI, even when it reads completely "normal."
Specifically in today's case, as a direct result of overlooking an obvious acute coronary occlusion ( an infarct that was initially STEMI(-) but clearly OMI(+) ) the necessary cardiac cath with PCI was delayed for more than a day.
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