Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

SEPTEMBER 19, 2023

Past medical history includes coronary stenting 17 years prior. Cardiology was consulted and the patient underwent coronary angiogram which showed diffuse severe three-vessel disease. Coronary angiogram shows diffuse severe three-vessel disease. Definitive diagnosis that ECG #1 is in fact VT is more than academic.

Coronary 139

Coronary OR EMS ED 139

EMDocs

DECEMBER 11, 2023

Emergency physicians have recognized for some time that there are many occlusions of the coronary arteries that do not present with classic STEMI criteria on the ECG. This included the addition several new STEMI equivalents [4] on ECG that warrant “prompt evaluation for emergency coronary angiography.”

STEMI 119

STEMI Coronary Emergency Department OR 119

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

JANUARY 27, 2024

Old ‘NSTEMI’ A history of coronary artery disease and a stent to the same territory further increases pre-test likelihood of acute coronary occlusion, including in-stent thrombosis. So the patient had a transient acute coronary occlusion that spontaneously reperfused but is at risk for reocclusion.

STEMI 117

STEMI Coronary ACS ED 117

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

DECEMBER 27, 2023

Note that as many as 7% of patients with acute coronary syndrome have chest pain reproducible on palpation [Lee, Solomon]. which reduces the pre-test probability of acute coronary syndrome by less than 30% [McGee]. In an attempt to clarify language, a consensus definition was developed. per 100,000 to 11 per 100,000 [Rosso].

E-9-1-1 131

E-9-1-1 OR Coronary ACS 131

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

APRIL 9, 2024

Before the lab values returned this patient had a n emergent coronary CT angiogram done that ruled out CAD. A false positive cath lab activation is also off course acceptable for this diagnosis if you cannot get an emergent coronary CT angiogram. Each main coronary artery (LAD, RCA and LCx) are shown in separate images.

Coronary 108

Coronary CAD ACS OR 108

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

SEPTEMBER 3, 2023

More past history: hypertension, tobacco use, coronary artery disease with two vessel PCI to the right coronary artery and circumflex artery several years prior. Suppose the OMI had been recognized, or suppose another ECG had been recorded and it showed definite OMI. It is unknown when this pain recurred and became constant.

Defibrillator 135

Defibrillator Coronary STEMI CPR 135

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

DECEMBER 19, 2023

The commonest causes of MINOCA include: atherosclerotic causes such as plaque rupture or erosion with spontaneous thrombolysis, and non-atherosclerotic causes such as coronary vasospasm (sometimes called variant angina or Prinzmetal's angina), coronary embolism or thrombosis, possibly microvascular dysfunction. This is not the case.

E-9-1-1 127

E-9-1-1 Coronary ACS BLS 127

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

MAY 10, 2023

A CT Coronary angiogram was ordered. Here are the results: --Minimally obstructive coronary artery disease. --LAD Although a lesion is not visible anatomically on this CT scan, coronary catheter angiography could be considered based on Cardiology evaluation." A repeat troponin returned at 0.45 CAD-RADS category 1. --No

Coronary 52

Coronary STEMI CAD OR 52

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

SEPTEMBER 22, 2023

What lowered my confidence in calling ECG #1 a definite OMI — was the finding of somewhat similar-appearing , upright T waves with slight-but-real J-point ST elevation in so many leads ( ie, leads I,II,aVF; V2-thru-V6 ). Once I identified leads V4 and V5 as definitely abnormal — I looked closer at neighboring leads.

OR 131

OR STEMI Coronary 131

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

JUNE 15, 2023

Thus, this does NOT meet STEMI criteria (though, as of 2022, it is a formal "STEMI equivalent", assuming everyone agrees that this is de Winter morphology, for which there is currently no objective definition). Even if a patient's ECG does meet STEMI criteria, it may not be perceived so. What a farce.

STEMI 98

STEMI Coronary ACS OR 98

EMS 12-Lead

APRIL 2, 2022

He reported a history of ischemic cardiomyopathy with coronary stent placement approximately 10 years prior, but could not recall the specific artery involved. 1, 2] The most clinically useful definition to account for this entire constellation is intraventricular conduction delay. Attached is the first ECG. Isn’t VT ALWAYS “wide”?

ALS 130

ALS STEMI Coronary OR 130

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

OCTOBER 18, 2023

When I saw the ECG of this patient I saw that there was definitely something "off". The patient was referred for coronary angiography which did not reveal any atherosclerotic changes. A formal echo at the PCI center after coronary angiography revealed a large septal and apical WMA. Troponin I peaked at 769 ng/L.

Defibrillator 122

Defibrillator Advanced Life Support Coronary Life Support 122

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

SEPTEMBER 23, 2024

Thanks in part to rapid bedside diagnosis, the patient was able to avoid emergent coronary angiography. Consider the following: We become attuned to looking for acute coronary occlusion in patients who present with acute symptoms to the ED ( E mergency D epartment ).

E-9-1-1 128

E-9-1-1 Coronary STEMI ALS 128

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

SEPTEMBER 29, 2024

Although predicting the "culprit" artery of acute coronary occlusion is often straightforward ( ie, based on the distribution of leads with ST elevation and leads with reciprocal ST depression ) — this is not always the case. See Discussion in the June 29, 2024 post of Dr. Smith' ECG Blog ). The April 8, 2022 post by Drs.

STEMI 110

STEMI Coronary Defibrillator OR 110

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

OCTOBER 24, 2018

Therefore, this does not meet the definition of myocardial infarction ( 4th Universal Definition of MI ), which requires at least one troponin above the 99% reference range. You can see the deficiency of the definition of MI. Two negative troponins do not exclude the possibility of short-lived acute coronary occlusion.

E-9-1-1 40

E-9-1-1 STEMI ACS Coronary 40

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

SEPTEMBER 25, 2024

A 56 year old male with a history of diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and coronary artery disease presented to the emergency department with sudden onset weakness, fatigue, lethargy, and confusion. This is another case sent by the undergraduate (who is applying to med school) who works as an EKG tech. No ECG was ordered on Day #1.

Coronary 120

Coronary STEMI Emergency Department OR 120

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

SEPTEMBER 6, 2011

Thus, there are some suspicious abnormalities, but no definite signs of ischemia. But the definition misses the point. It is a coronary occlusion with a substantial myocardial territory at risk, that showed only very subtle ST changes. There are thin and normal inferior Q-waves. It is very subtle but real.

Coronary 52

Coronary STEMI ED OR 52

EMDocs

JULY 1, 2023

Upon further research in the 1970’s, retrospective data from autopsies of those patients showed coronary aneurysms 5 Pathophysiology: Kawasaki Disease is a vasculitis of medium sized arteries. Tomisaku Kawasaki, who noticed 50+ similar pediatric presentations between the years 1961 and 1967.

EMS 94

EMS Coronary ED OR 94

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

JUNE 11, 2024

Finally — there is the clinical reality that a patient who has a "baseline" ECG that manifests a repolarization variant — may at some point develop acute coronary occlusion that in part is masked by benign-appearing ECG characteristics of the underlying repolarization variant. It is clearly missed by the conventional algorithm.

STEMI 113

STEMI Coronary Emergency Department OR 113

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

AUGUST 6, 2024

It definitely does not fulfill STEMI criteria, and I would argue that it would not lead to cath lab activation in most centers. All coronary arteries were patent without atherosclerotic change. Only after troponin returned elevated was an Echo was done, revealing a definite wall motion abnormality.

Coronary 104

Coronary OR STEMI EMS 104

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

JANUARY 9, 2024

However , this patient is having chest discomfort, and by definition then she should be considered not to be stable. The patient is an older woman with known coronary disease and an ICD-Pacemaker implanted because of a history of VT ( V entricular T achycardia ). Is this: 1. Figure-1: I have labeled the initial ECG in today's case. (

Coronary 119

Coronary ACS ED OR 119

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

JULY 21, 2024

It shows a proximal LAD occlusion, in conjunction with a subtotally occluded LMCA ( Left Main Coronary Artery ). Upon contrast injection of the LMCA, the patient deteriorated, as the LMCA was severely diseased and flow to all coronary arteries ( LAD, LCx and RCA ) was compromised. There is no definite evidence of acute ischemia. (ie,

Defibrillator 131

Defibrillator Coronary ALS STEMI 131

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

NOVEMBER 22, 2023

Angiogram: Severe two-vessel coronary artery disease with possible co-culprits (90% proximal circumflex, 70% mid/distal RCA) in the setting of non-ST elevation myocardial infarction. Marked ST depression from multi-vessel coronary disease serves to attentuate what would have been ST elevation in leads II and aVF ).

ED 119

ED Coronary CAD STEMI 119

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

JUNE 5, 2023

Aside on ECG Research: 20% of Definite diagnostic STEMI (Cox et al.) have perfect coronary flow by the time of angiogram. Serial tracings often show “ dynamic ” ST-T wave changes — which in a patient with CP, allow prompt definitive diagnosis that might not have been obvious with just a single tracing.

STEMI 96

STEMI Coronary Ambulance ED 96

EMS 12-Lead

AUGUST 22, 2022

They are not premature, by definition. The coronary angiogram revealed no critical stenosis, or acute plaque ulceration. Takotsubo should be a diagnosis of exclusion after angiography reveals no obstructive coronary disease, and repeat Echo displays left ventricular recovery. Furthermore, pertinent electrolyte values (e.g.

E-9-1-1 130

E-9-1-1 Coronary ALS ICU 130

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

MAY 3, 2024

See the variety of Left Main Occlusion ECGs here: How does Acute Total Left Main Coronary occlusion present on the ECG? == MY Comment , by K EN G RAUER, MD ( 5/3 /2024 ): == Most patients with acute LMain Occlusion do not survive to make it to the hospital. Left Main Non-Occlusive ACS presents with widespread ST Depression and STE in aVR.

ACS 127

ACS ED Coronary EMS 127

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

AUGUST 9, 2024

Serial ECGs enhance the diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome. Although recognition of OMI was not affected by administration of morphine in this case, use caution with analgesia in ongoing ACS without a definitive plan for angiography. Although tiny in size — the BLUE arrows highlight definite ST elevation in leads I and aVL.

STEMI 107

STEMI Coronary Heart Attack ACS 107

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

SEPTEMBER 8, 2023

As per Dr. McLaren — today's patient was lucky in that the acute coronary occlusion spontaneously reperfused — and the patient remained pain-free. The Need for Immediate Transport? Limb lead findings in ECG #2 look more hyperacute than they did in ECG #1 — because of subtle-but-real increased ST segment straightening in leads I, III and aVL.

OR 130

OR STEMI Coronary Emergency Department 130

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

OCTOBER 12, 2023

There is maybe no definite answer and arguments can be made for the different scenarios. An MRi was not done for this patient and a definite answer maybe cannot be obtained. with the important message that sometimes ( especially in retrospect! ) — a definite diagnosis can not be made. There is reconstitution of R waves V3-V6.

Coronary 111

Coronary OR ED 111

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

OCTOBER 22, 2024

The coronary angiography showed a 100% ostial main (obtuse) marginal occlusion!" Dominant right coronary, atherosclerotic and calcified. Presence of a single coronary lesion: occlusion of the ostial main marginal. ECG #1 — shows such subtle but-definitely-present changes in multiple leads: The rhythm is sinus at 80-85/minute.

Coronary 66

Coronary STEMI OR ALS 66

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

MARCH 17, 2024

Although radiation into the left arm is most classic for coronary ischemia, radiation into both arms is actually modestly more predictive ). Answer: This is MINOCA -- Myocardial Infarction with Non-Obstructive Coronary Arteries. His troponin peaked at 10.310 ng/mL and trended down. The name is self-explanatory.

Coronary 71

Coronary OR 71

ACEP Now

JULY 7, 2023

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation Of patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest presenting to the ED in refractory VF, a majority have significant coronary artery disease, much of which is amenable to percutaneous coronary intervention. Circulation. 2019;139(12):e530-e552. Yannopoulos D, et al. J Am Coll Cardiol.

Defibrillator 98

Defibrillator OR ALS Epinephrine 98

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

JULY 31, 2020

Yet despite this remarkable flaw in the STEMI-paradigm — a substantial number ( if not a frank majority ) of clinicians continue to apply outdated criteria when interpreting ECGs, by refusing to consider prompt cath for definitive diagnosis and reperfusion therapy just because a millimeter-based definition for acute STEMI is not satisfied.

STEMI 52

STEMI Coronary EMR ALS 52

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

NOVEMBER 14, 2023

We who know ischemic ECGs know that really when T-wave inversion is specific for coronary thrombosis that it indicates reperfusion of the artery, not active occlusion. that is, show a pattern of labile ST-T wave changes not due to an acute coronary event. I personally can hardly wait for that future version! Some patients do this.

E-9-1-1 116

E-9-1-1 Coronary EMS ED 116

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

MAY 23, 2023

I have here 38 cases of "Computer Normal" ECGs which were critically abnormal and the vast majority are missed acute coronary occlusions (Missed Acute OMI) and most were recognized by the physician. Of the Non-STEMI in our cohort, about 25% will actually have acute coronary occlusion. So this study is worthless and must be ignored.

STEMI 98

STEMI Coronary Paramedic OR 98

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

SEPTEMBER 11, 2024

The initial ECG in today's case was recognized as definitely abnormal — but the question arose as to whether this ECG indicated old infarction vs a new acute event. The "good news" — is that a cardiac-related cause of syncope is unlikely if the initial ECG is normal, and cardiac monitoring in the ED fails to reveal significant arrhythmia.

EMS 114

EMS CPR ED Coronary 114

EMDocs

SEPTEMBER 7, 2024

A 70-year-old female with a past medical history of hypertension, coronary artery disease s/p 2x drug eluting stent placement one month ago, atrial fibrillation on apixaban presents to the ED with weakness and lightheadedness. Additionally, no current high-quality literature exists regarding the definitive indications for REBOA placement.

EMS 98

EMS E-9-1-1 Operating Room OR 98